OSI Reference Model

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is reference model for how applications can communicate over a network. A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships. The purpose of the OSI reference model is to guide vendors and developers so the digital communication products and software programs they create will interoperate, and to facilitate clear comparisons among communications tools. Most vendors involved in telecommunications make an attempt to describe their products and services in relation to the OSI model. And although useful for guiding discussion and evaluation, OSI is rarely actually implemented, as few network products or standard tools keep all related functions together in well-defined layers as related to the model. The TCP/IP protocols, which define the Internet, do not map cleanly to the OSI model.

Developed by representatives of major computer and telecommunication companies beginning in 1983, OSI was originally intended to be a detailed specification of actual interfaces. Instead, the committee decided to establish a common reference model for which others could then develop detailed interfaces, which in turn could become standards. OSI was officially adopted as an international standard by the International Organization of Standards (ISO).

The main concept of OSI is that the process of communication between two endpoints in a telecommunication network can be divided into seven distinct groups of related functions, or layers.

Functions of Different Layers :

Layer 1: The Physical Layer :

It activates, maintain and deactivate the physical connection. Voltages and data rates needed for transmission is defined in the physical layer. It converts the digital bits into electrical signal.

Layer 2: Data Link Layer :

Data link layer synchronizes the information which is to be transmitted over the data. Error controlling is easily done. The encoded data are then passed to physical. Error detection bits are used by the data link on layer. It also corrects the errors. Outgoing messages are assembled into frames. Then the system waits for the acknowledgements to be received after the transmission. It is reliable to send message.

Layer 3: The Network Layer :

It routes the signal through different channels to the other end. It acts as a network controller. It decides by which route data should take. It divides the outgoing messages into packets and to assemble incoming packets into messages for higher levels.

Layer 4: Transport Layer :

It decides if data transmission should be on parallel path or single path. Functions such as multiplexing, segmenting or splitting on the data done by layer four that is transport layer. Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so that they are handled more efficiently by the network layer.

Layer 5: The Session Layer :

Session layer manages and synchronize the conversation between two different applications. Transfer of data from one destination to another session layer streams of data are marked and are resynchronized properly, so that the ends of the messages are not cut prematurely and data loss is avoided.

Layer 6: The presentation Layer :

Presentation layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way that the receiver will understand the information (data) and will be able to use the data. Languages (syntax) can be different of the two communicating systems. Under this condition presentation layer plays a role translator.

Layer 7: Application Layer :

It is the top layer. Manipulation of data (information) in various ways is done in this layer. Transferring of files disturbing the results to the user is also done in this layer. Mail services, directory services, network resource etc are services provided by application layer.

OSI had two major components, an abstract model of networking, called the Basic Reference Model or seven-layer model, and a set of specific protocols.

OSI model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers.

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